The Importance of Learning in the Arab World free essay sample

This paper emphasizes the importance of learning in the early modern period in the Arab world. This essay examines the importance of learning in the Arab world with specific reference to Portugal during the early modern period. It examines how this nation was empowered by its adaptation of Arabic mathematics and Arab navigational and naval technology. Arab knowledge of cartography and navigation, from which all European nations borrowed heavily, enabled Portugal to forge ahead in the drive to seek colonies and expand Portugal?s sphere of trade. From the paper: In the current political climate, it has become easy to forget the past. It has become easy to forget how, many hundreds of years ago the Arab world was not seen as a place of darkness, of anti-modernist and anti-technological sentiments. Rather Islam was seen as a beacon of light for the West, providing important mathematical and navigational knowledge that enabled Europeans to make exploratory forays into what became the New World. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Learning in the Arab World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The very numbers that paginate this particular document are Arabic Numerals, an improvement on the cumbersome and often confusing system of Roman numerals.

Michigan Expanding Social Security

Michigan Expanding Social Security Spotlight on Expanding Social Security Since 2010, Social Security’s total expenditures have exceeded non-interest income of its combined trust funds at a deficit of $49 billion.[i]Social Security’s trustee report has continued to project deficits that have, unfortunately, come to fruition. In 2011, the deficit was around $45 billion with US taxpayers expending over $132 billion – more than the annual budget of the Departments of Labor, Commerce, Interior, Justice, and Agriculture combined. In the 2012 fiscal year, Social Security and Medicare accounted for nearly 40 percent of the federal expenditures with a deficit of $55 billion. According to the trustees report, the deficit will likely reach $75 billion in the next few years. Moreover, without any policy changes, Social Security will only be able to pay full benefits until around 2033; thereafter, only about 75% of benefits would be available.[ii]In fact, the report further projects that by 2016 the Disability Insurance trust fund will be complete ly exhausted with Medicare’s fund to be depleted shortly thereafter. Therefore, it’s not surprising that Americans are concerned about their future and financial well-being or that Congress has come under scrutiny to act promptly in addressing changes to the long-term financial support of the program. The trustees report urges lawmakers to â€Å"address the financial challenges facing Social Security and Medicare as soon as possible. Taking action sooner rather than later will leave more options and more time available to phase in changes so that the public has adequate time to prepare.†[iii]Many critics have been pushing for a comprehensive solvency package, covering retirement and disability Social Security programs. Others push for stricter scrutiny in disability cases to help decrease the amount of applicants who receive an approval – a trend that seems to be in effect despite these even harsher recommendations and yet the deficit continues to grow.[i v] We understand the concern and criticism about the current state of Social Security benefits, and the ever-changing rules impacting approval rates.  Call us  today to set up a free consultation and let our experienced  Michigan Social Security Disability  attorneys help you get approved.[i] For full reports by year, see  ssa.gov/oact/tr/index.html.[ii]  See  cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=viewid=3753.[iii]  See  ssa.gov/oact/tr/index/html.[iv] See Article ‘Social Security Trends Affecting Applications and Awards’ for more information.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Assignment - Essay Example Is this type of art not as important as the art made with refined material? A lot of questions arise when we try to figure out what are the measures for artwork. According to Lazzari and Schlesier (2011), no definition of art is absolute or timeless. Definitions are framed keeping cultures, values, taste of people in mind. The most appropriate way to answer the question, what is art? Is to understand when was the art made and for which target audience? Art helps us in preservation of memory, emotion and time. It develops with time and keeps on changing its form. Cave paintings have evolved as graffiti in today’s world. The first institutional theory of art is sketched by Danto in 1964. Institutional theory of art describes art as part of â€Å"art world†. The main function of art world is to define, authenticate, uphold and replicate the â€Å"cultural art†. In the later works, Danto defined art in terms of â€Å"aboutness†. Danto kept art as an â€Å"open concept†. If art is kept as an open concept then the photograph, painting or song of any nature even doodling around will be considered as art. Consider the photography used here. In my opinion, this is also a photography but cannot be accepted as an artwork because it does not follow any principles of art and is not aesthetically appealing. The Transfiguration of the Commonplae of George Dickie was inspired by Artworld of Danto. Dickie refers to the artworld as an â€Å"institution† which is operated with a lot of subordinate systems. These systems are made up of different forms of art like music, paintings, theatre and dance etc. these systems have further categories. According to the definition of art provided by Dickie, any piece or work of art which is displayed or presented in places like museums, theatres etc is a piece of art. Reason being that it is accepted by people who are there to scrutinize over the object or performance

Control Over IT & Cyberspace in Aviation in the United States Essay

Control Over IT & Cyberspace in Aviation in the United States - Essay Example 5 D. RFID†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2. Future Study on Technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 II. Communication and Networking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. United States Aviation (boarder Management)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 A. Helping hand to police department†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 B. Using worldwide information sharing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. People in the ground†¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 A. Traveling Agencies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 III. Cybercrime in Aviation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 IV. Possible elements of threats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 V. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 10 VI. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Technology in Aviation Current Technology Overview As a crucial element in the competitive marketplace innovation in the technology is vital for the air transport industry. Technological achievements greatly influenced aviation field when more computer- and web-based applications, techniques and tools are applied in the daily work of aviation sectors. In the recent years the Internet and web-based applications became some of the main technological achievements and advantages in the world, which main positive and efficient feature is to help millions of people to ease the process of finding and accessing necessary information quickly and precisely. It is expected that in the future more than three billion people would be using the global air transport system. The air travel passengers of the future would expe ct information and personalization whenever and wherever they travel. According to 2009 SITA Report, there are five new technologies that will simplify and smooth the air travel journey for passengers within the next five years. Such technologies include Web 2.0, mobile devices, Near Field Communications, biometrics and RFID. It is expected that these five new technologies will meet the changing and increasing needs and expectations of worldwide travelers in addition to improving their air travel experience starting from the flight choice decision and ending with the landing at the final destination. Web 2.0 Until recently there were two types of aviation-related websites, including aviation news and websites about aircraft markets providing the platform to trade for sellers and buyers. However, the modern Internet users and passengers require improved communication through interaction and participation. That is why, integration of Web 2.0 into aviation industry helped to open such websites as Flightblogger, AirplaneGeeks, UncontrolledAirspace, PlaneBuzz, RunwayGirl, Flightaware, and many others. These websites created â€Å"user-powered† passengers of the Web 2.0, who can communicate, interact and share information and flight experience. Popular social websites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and others have special aviation-related categories and groups. Websites like aviationclub.aero and avpronet.com became popular social networks dedicated to aviation, including forums, photo albums, walls for posting notes, etc. Linked-In helps to connect

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 17

Ethics - Essay Example Dogmatism is common in all religious settings where the scriptures are accepted and acknowledged as the truth without any questions. Once an individual is a dogma and invites these believes and let them control their whole being, he or she automatically become an absolutist and decides to take the belief as the only existing truth and let nothing interfere with what they have come to know as the only reality (Gurvitch 135). Dogmatism is usually followed by absolutism because once people have faith in something and recognize it as the only existing truth, then they absolutely encircles it without having any doubts about it. Dogmatism and absolutism are basically two sides of the same coin. Once an individual believes in the perfection of a certain belief, they are inevitably forced to accept it as it is. The human mind is narrow, and it is easier to accept than to take further steps to confirm the laid down opinion (Gurvitch 134). The mind likes simplified things; no wonder it does not go the distance to prove or confirm the truth. Dogmatic absolutism results to the formation of rigid individuals who only believe in what they know, and are not willing to accommodate further change. For instance, an individual may have a certain perspective about a family member who has been accused of a crime. The opinion of this person will not change even if the evidence uncovered suggests that he is guilty. Dogmatic absolutism is evident, in this case, as the rigidity is still manifested even after evidence contrary to the belief is uncovered (Gurvitch 141). Another point of view has no use because the mind of this individual is made up and nothing can alter this belief or opinion. In religious institutions, dogmatism always leads to absolutism. This is because once a person has accepted a certain faith as the only one and the true one, then it become hard to change their opinion. They are only dedicated to that particular faith and any

Major Functions Of The Skin

Major Functions Of The Skin The skin is the largest organ of the body. Measuring between 1.5 and 2.0 square metres in an adult, it forms an extensive contact area with the environment. This contact presents a variety of important challenges, which the skin must meet in order to protect the body. It also provides important opportunities, which the skin uses to maintain homeostasis. Consider the challenges and opportunities posed by contact with the environment and relate them to the major functions of the skin. The integumentary system, consisting of skin, hair and nails, act as a barrier to protect the body from the environment.   Some challenges and opportunities posed to the skin by the environments are; exposure to sunlight/UV Rays, bacteria, mechanical damage, chemical damage and thermal damage. The integumentary system acts as a barrier in three ways: a chemical barrier, a physical barrier and a biological barrier. The integumentary system works with the immune system to create a biological barrier. Specialized cells in the skin find and destroy foreign bacteria. A physical barrier consists of hard, keratinized cells in the nails, skin and hair. These cells especially in skin and nails help protect the internal organs and blood system from external environmental factors. Hair helps to minimalise insects from crawling on the skin, protect the scalp from physical trauma and regulate heat. A chemical barrier is also due to skin. The skin has sweat glands which secrete substances onto the skin that stop the reproduction of bacteria. The skin also produces melanin which acts to protect ultraviolet rays from the sun however despite melanins protective factors excessive sun exposure will eventually damage the skin. 2 Explain how the structures of the skin contribute to its functions. 35% 437.5 Answer The skin is the largest organ in the integumentary system and has 2 major components: the cutaneous membrane or skin and the accessory structures. The cutaneous membrane has 2 components: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the outer layer of the  skin and the dermis is a layer of  skin  between the  epidermis  and  subcutaneous tissues. The accessory structures consists of hair, nails and multicellular exocrine glands. The epidermis consists of 5 layers; the stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum and corneum. The Stratum basale is the outer layer of skin, the  stratum spinosum  is a layer of the  epidermis  found between the  stratum granulosum  and  stratum basale.[1]   This layer helps to prevent dehydration, the  stratum granulosum  is the layer between the  stratum lucidum  and  stratum spinosum, the  stratum lucidum  is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells. It is found only in areas of thick skin, most noticeably on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet and finally the  stratum corneum  is the outermost layer and is filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells. The dermis is responsible for the strength of skin. Its main functions are to regulate temperature and to supply the epidermis with nutrient-saturated blood. Much of the bodys water supply is stored within the dermis.  The dermis contains most of the skins specialized cells and structures, including: Blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair  follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous, or oil, glands, nerve endings, collagen  and  elastin. The dermis layer is made up of two sublayers, the papillary layer, which contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers. The papillary layer supplies nutrients to select layers of the epidermis and regulates temperature. The second is the reticular layer which is thicker and made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged in parallel to the surface of the skin. The reticular layer strengthens the skin, providing structure and elasticity. A layer of tissue that lies immediately below the dermis is the hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose  connective tissue  and lobules of fat and acts as an energy reserve. It contains larger  blood vessels  and nerves  than those found in the dermis.  The hypodermis contains: elastic fibers, fibrous bands, fat, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicle roots, nerves and muscle. The skin includes the following functions; protection, sensation, heat regulation, control of evaporation, storage and synthesis, absorption, water resistance. The structures of the skin all work together to maintain the important functions. 3 You are exercising on a hot day. Explain two ways in which the integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis 20% 250 Answer Two ways in which the integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis are sweating and vasodilation. Homeostasis is a term for your bodys ability to regulate your internal state, and sweating is an example of this. If your body  temperature gets too high, one of the homeostatic mechanisms used to bring your temp back to normal is sweating. Eccrine sweat glands are the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin. Sweat is clear secretion that is primarily water and salt (sodium chloride). Sweat reaches the skin via a duct that opens externally as a funnel shaped pore. Eccrine sweat glands are a highly efficient part of the heat regulating system, they are supplied with nerve endings that cause them to secrete sweat when the bodys temperature gets too high. When sweat evaporates off the skins surface it takes body heat with it. On a hot day you could lose up to 7 litres of body water. Another way the integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis is vasodilation. Blood vessels supplying blood to the skin can swell or dilate called vasodilation. This causes more heat to be carried by the blood to the skin, where it can be lost to the air however if the external environment is as hot as or hotter than the body the only way to release heat is through evaporation of perspiration. This is an efficient source of heat loss as long as the air is dry, if it is humid evaporation occurs at a much slower rate leaving the person hot and irritated. When the body cools down the hypothalamus through the autonomic nervous system tells the heat loss centre to switch off. 4 Indicate how ageing affects the skin and explain how these changes affect its normal function. 15% Answer As people age their epidermal cell replacement slows therefore the skin begins to thin resulting in an increase of bruising and other types of injury. The lubricating substances provided by the skin glands that provides young looking and soft skin start to become less efficient, resulting in dry itchy skin. Elastic fibers and collagen fibers become fewer and stiffer so the skin has much less elasticity resulting in wrinkles. The decrease in numbers of melanocytes and langerhans cells produced can enhance the risk of skin cancer in older age, especially if alot of ultraviolet rays are absorbed. UV rays are a major contribution to the rapidity of skins aging. Over time, the suns rays damage certain fibers in the skin called elastin. The breakdown of elastin fibers causes the skin to sag and take longer to heal. Ageing also affects things below the skin; loss of fat below the skin may result in loosening skin, bone loss after the age of 60 can cause puckering of the skin around the mouth, cartilage loss in the nose causes drooping of the nasal tip. Smokers also tend to have more wrinkles than non-smokers of the same age. Skin changes associated with ageing pose particular problems for nurses caring for elderly people. 5 Outline the nursing principles involved in skin care in the elderly. 15% Answer Elderly patients are prone to skin tears, ulcers, abrasions, irritation and infection especially if they are diabetic. If proper skin care is not adhered to, it can result in sores, dry/painful skin and even gangrene. When an elderly patient is bathing the temperature of the water should be warm rather than hot as elderly peoples skin does not contain as much oil as it once did, if all the oil is washed away, their skin is more susceptible to breaking, which can lead to infection. A mild soap should always be used as it is not harsh on their skin and helps prevent it from becoming dry. Due to the loss of natural oils in the skin, it is necessary to apply a moisturizing lotion after a bath and multiple times through the day. Using a moisturizer helps reduce the itchiness, and the likelihood of infection. It is not uncommon for some elderly patients to be confined to their bed 24 hours a day. This is when skin care is vital, especially if they are incontinent of bowel and bladder, washing and drying the area regularly can reduce the risk of a fungal infection forming. Elderly skin must be observed regularly to check for changes such as moles. MARK SHEET. Workbook 3 Integumentary system Question Marks out of 100 Marks Awarded 1st marker 2nd marker Agreed 1 15 2 35 3 20 4 15 5 15 Total 100 Final Agreed Mark Workbook 1 Workbook 2 Workbook 3 Final Percentage

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Essay -- Economy Economic

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Both institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, were established more than fifty years ago; and the foundations of both were expected to play roles in stabilizing the frustrated global economy and aiding post-war European countries as well as other developing countries for economic progress. In the first three decades, both institutions had their own respective functions and extensively engaged in different economic and financial activities. In general, the World Bank primarily concentrated on making long term loans to finance infrastructural projects in developing countries, as the IMF mainly provided economic consultation as well as short-term loans to both developed and developing countries (Driscoll). However, the distinctive differences started disappearing since the beginning of 1970s, as both began to involve in more and more similar economic activities. As such, these overlapping activities blurred the functions between the two institutions, in which ca se a restructuring reform might be required to avoid potential conflicts. Although both organizations were not identical twins as they were born in the first place, the relationship between them was very close. According to the World Bank’s article of agreement, â€Å"in order for a country to be able to become a member of the Bank, it must be a member of the Fund† (Polak 1). There are two reasons behind this rule: First, it can prevent free ridership that could possibly enables members of one organization to misuse their rights in the world monetary market. Second, it is widely believed that a good lending of the World Bank heavily depended on a country’s stable monetary market, which can be secured by... ...hirty years. Today, although they are facing certain critiques for some of their inconsistent policies that are not accepted by some economists, both are striving for a common goal to achieve the establishment of the stability in the world economy as well as the entire global economic wealth. Works Cited Driscoll, David. D. â€Å"The IMF and The World Bank: How Do They Differ?† Aug. 1996. 23 Nov. 2002. Moffitt, Michael. The World’s Money. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Naim, Moises. â€Å"Fad and Fashions in Economic Reforms: Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?† 26 Oct. 1999. 20 Nov. 2002. Polak, Jacques J. The World Bank and The IMF: A Changing Relationship. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1994.

TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB

The importance of instruction for the resurgence of a society can non be denied. Harmonizing to Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, â€Å" the preparation of a human head is uncomplete without instruction, as instruction contributes a batch in doing adult male a right mind. † ( Khan, 2010 ) While doing determinations for the demand of instructors, the policy shapers and educational decision makers considers several factors. The entire figure of instructors required in a territory or metropolis or small town depends upon the registration of pupils in schools and colleges, the rate of instructors ‘ retirement and bend over and the coveted teacher-student ratios required in that country. Harmonizing to Yasin, â€Å" factors such as high in-migration rates within a population or policies on cut downing category size besides contribute to the demand for new instructors. † ( Yasin, 1998 ) The present research is about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. The research analyzes that whether the instruction section of Punjab has been able to supply quality instruction and fulfilled the demand of instructors in schools and colleges particularly in rural countries. The present research besides analyzes the enterprise of the present authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium and its relation to the demand and supply of instructors.Statement of the ProblemMeeting the demand of providing competent instructors to secondary schools and college degree in Punjab is indispensable for bettering the quality of instruction in these schools and colleges. These schools and colleges particularly the authorities establishments depend upon the instruction section for bettering the quality of instruction and for the proviso of professional and qualified instructors. The rural countries need particular attending f rom the instruction section to better the quality of instruction. The rural countries frequently lack competent instructors due to the location, low wage and fewer installations. Teachers hesitate from learning in such countries. The present authorities ‘s enterprise of change overing Urdu Medium schools to English Medium has posed a new challenge for these schools. This research analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab and provides feasible solution for making balance between demand and supply of instructors in Punjab.1.2 Purpose of the StudyThe intent of the survey is to research the balance between demand and supply of instructors in the secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. The research analyzes assorted grounds which lead to the demand of instructors in schools and colleges. The research provides a feasible solution for work outing the job of quality instruction and make fulling the vacancies of qualified instructors in sch ools and colleges of Pakistan. The paper besides assesses that whether the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has posed the demand for demand of the competent instructors.Scope of the ResearchThe present research is an extended survey on the demand and supply of qualified instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. The research covers the demands and demands of the schools and colleges in rural and urban countries for make fulling the spread of quality instruction and jobs faced by schools and colleges in the employment of competent instructors. The research besides analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium schools.1.4 Importance of the ResearchThis research would turn out to be an extended survey on solutions required for making balance between the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. It has analyzed the demands of the schools and colleges particularly that of rural countries in supplying competent instructors to them. The research has besides emphasized the demand of competent instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium.1.5 Justification of the ResearchThe subject of the research is appropriate, as carry oning research on the demand and supply of instructors has revealed utile facts related to the proviso of quality instruction to pupils at secondary and college degree. This research would be utile in long tally as it has provided solutions for get the better ofing the supply of competent instructors in Punjab.HypothesisRural and hapless communities in Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. They face extra challenges such as retaining of instructors, who may be attracted to the higher wages which are offered to them in metropoliss. The supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for instructors, the supply of inst ructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it depends upon the local population growing, instructors ‘ retirements and bend over, in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have increased.Literature ReviewAcademic ReviewsHarmonizing to Goel, â€Å" A adult male becomes a rational animate being when he becomes educated. † ( Goel, 2007 ) Education is indispensable for the moral and learning developments of worlds. It contributes to the national economic growing and poorness decrease. The population of Punjab histories for 60 % population of Pakistan. ( Sayed, 2007 ) There are about 64,000 educational institutes in Punjab, out of which 44,000 are primary schools. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are over 500,000 employees in these institutes, out of which 350,000 are instructors. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are about 11 million registrations in these institutes. ( Sayed, 2005 ) Harmonizing to John Wall, Country Director of World Bank ; â€Å" Improvements in instruction results in Punjab have the possible for country-wide impact. † ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) Decrease in poorness can be achieved by turn toing the root cause of poorness, that is ; deficiency of instruction and accomplishments. Harmonizing to a World Bank study, the quality of instruction provided by the populace sector in Pakistan is really low. This is due to â€Å" low competence of instructors, deficiency of quality text editions and larning stuffs, deficiency of classroom-based support for instructors, deficiency of the appraisal of pupils, hapless supervising and hapless sector administration and direction. † ( World Bank, â€Å" Third Punjab Education † 2006 ) . In rural countries, there is deficiency of qualified instructors, as they hesitate to work due to legion grounds such as deficiency of motive, low wages, deficiency of installations in schools and hapless on the job conditions. In 2003, the Punjab Education Sector Reform Program ( PESRP ) was launched for the intent of bettering quality, entree and administration in the instruction sector of Punjab. This plan comprised of supply-side enterprises including upgrading of schools and make fulling vacancies of instructors. A figure of reforms affecting instructors ‘ enlisting, professional development of instructors, production of text editions and betterment in the scrutiny system were implemented. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) With the support of UNICEF and the National Rural Support Programme ( NRSP ) , PESRP has given high precedence to instructors in its new reform programme. ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) In order to run into the billowing demand of instructors, about 50,000 instructors have been hired since 2003. About 100,000 instructors have been trained through refresher classs in â€Å" child-centered instruction patterns. † ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) The authorities has taken effectual steps to better the quality of instruction in Punjab. The EFA ( Education for All ) National Plan of Action ( NPA ) 2015 figures out legion issues sing instructor supply, preparation and Supervision. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) The NPA emphasizes the demand for 118,000 instructors up to 2015 in order to run into the Universal Primary Education marks. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) There is deficiency of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab due to decelerate replacing of retired instructors, less figure of instructors in primary schools and fewer instructors are recruited on lasting footing. The EFA NPA has suggested relaxation of makings for instructors in rural countries and for supplying specific inducements to them in order to make full the spread of instructors. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) By supplying in-service preparation to instructors, the quality of instruction will greatly better in these schools and colleges. The authorities is set uping Professional Development centres for the quality preparation of instructors. The authorities of Pakistan has converted all Urdu Medium schools in Punjab to English Medium schools. With this enterprise, the differentiation between two categories of instruction has been removed. This enterprise has chiefly being taken for viing with the globalized universe in the field of cognition. ( The News, 2010 ) The instructors of these schools have been provided developing through English Language classs. The preparation plans aims at bettering learning and English linguistic communication accomplishments of the instructors. The instructors have besides been offered heavy salary bundles. ( The News, 2010 ) The transition of schools has raised more demand for the supply of professional and competent instructors. The academic reappraisal has shown that the supply of instructors has grown over the past 10 old ages, but due to the uninterrupted addition in demand of instructors particularly in rural countries, the supply of instructors must go on to increase for the following decennary.1.8 Methodology1.8.1 ApproachThe research comprises of both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis. The research has gathered information with respect, but non restricted to the followers ; Analysis of the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab. Problems faced by the instruction section in providing competent instructors to schools and colleges in Punjab. Problems faced by schools and colleges particularly in rural countries to make full the spread of quality instruction and to enroll competent instructors. Possible solutions for get bying with the demand of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab. The Qualitative methodological analysis in the present research involves both primary every bit good as secondary beginnings. Primary beginning involves study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . Unstructured interview was conducted from 9 top directors of PEAS. Unstructured Interviews are utile for in-depth study, as â€Å" inquiries can be changed or adapted in order to run into the respondent ‘s intelligence, understanding or belief. † ( The Psychology Wiki, 2010 ) Burns and Grove defines qualitative research as ; â€Å" The logical thinking procedure used in qualitative research involves perceptually seting pieces together to do wholes. From this procedure, significance is produced. However, because perceptual experience varies with the person, many different significances are possible. † ( Burns, Grove, 1993 ) . Data is normally gathered through less structured research instruments in qualitative research. Secondary beginning in the present rese arch comprises of reappraisal of books, diaries, articles, periodicals, current event intelligence, web stuff, etc. Quantitative research has been used by the research worker for deriving firsthand cognition about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. Harmonizing to Andrew Sanchez, â€Å" Quantitative research generates statistics through the usage of large-scale study research, utilizing methods such as questionnaires or interviews † . ( Sanchez, 2005 ) Purposive Sampling method had been used for choosing the sample. It uses a specific pre-defined group and does non affect random trying. Purposive Sampling method is a non-probability sampling method which is chosen â€Å" with a intent in head. † ( William, 2006 ) . The sample of the choice of 9 top directors from PEAS is rather appropriate for obtaining information about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school degree and colleges in Punjab. Keeping in position the above mentioned definitions and accounts, it can be concluded that the usage of qualitative every bit good as quantitative methods for this research has been justified. These methods have provided elaborate survey of the research subject and have assisted in clear uping all issues related to the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab.1.8.2 Data Gathering MethodThe research involved aggregation of informations through primary and secondary beginnings, that is ; direct and indirect observation. Direct observation involved study of PEAS Department for obtaining positions of 9 top directors of the section. Indirect observation involved reappraisal of secondary beginnings such as books, diaries, articles, web stuffs, etc.1.8.3 Originality and Limitations of the DataValidity and singularity of the informations are guaranteed while capturing informations and executing analysis. The research emphasizes on the demand and supply of instr uctors at school and college degree in Punjab and make fulling the spread of quality instruction in these schools and colleges. As the cogency of the information is dependent upon the efficiency of the research worker, the research worker has been careful in maintaining the cogency of the informations during informations aggregation, analysis and while pulling decisions. Ethical issues are considered during the research procedure. In order to avoid disagreements, careful survey and analysis have been done. Data is limited to the subjects mentioned above.1.8.4 Research QuestionsThe major research inquiries of the present survey are as follows ; Is the instruction section of Punjab run intoing the demands of the demand of instructors at secondary school and college degree? How choice instruction can be provided to secondary school and college pupils in Punjab? Has the instruction section of Punjab taken stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction in schools and colleges? Are schools and colleges in rural countries confronting jobs of supply of instructors? With the transition of Urdu Medium schools to English Medium, are these schools confronting the job of demand of competent instructors?Factual PositionPresently the schools and colleges of Punjab state are confronting a deficit in the supply of qualified and competent instructors particularly in rural countries. Teachers lack motive for traveling to rural countries due to low wage, backward location and deficiency of installations in these schools. As a consequence of this, the demand of instructors in rural countries has extremely increased. The deficiency of competent instructors is besides due to decelerate replacing of retired instructors and enlisting of instructors on impermanent footing. The determination of authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has besides posed a demand for the enlisting of qualified and professional instructors. The authorities is taking stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction and qualified instructors. Th is has been done by enrolling qualified instructors, increasing the wage of bing instructors and by increasing the accomplishments of the instructors through refresher classs in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments and English Language accomplishments.Section – 2: Situation AnalysisIn this subdivision, the research worker analyzes the informations obtained from the study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . The study involved aggregation of informations through direct observation, i.e ; interview. A sample size of 9 top directors of PEAS was selected for interview. Unstructured interviews were carried out from the top directors. The sentiment and positions of the directors have been obtained related to the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. Facts extracted from the interviews have been analyzed to obtain the findings.2.1 Opinions and positions of top directors about the demand and supply of instructo rs at secondary and college degree in Punjab2.1.1 Quality of instruction at authorities and private schools97 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that the quality of instruction provided to pupils of authorities schools is non satisfactory. These schools lack competent instructors, educational stuff and installations. The conditions of schools in rural countries are worst. Many schools have been closed in rural countries as these schools lack competent instructors and basic installations. However, the quality of instruction at private schools is satisfactory. These schools have qualified and competent instructors.Figure 1: Opinion of top director of PEAS about the quality of instruction in schools of rural countries2.1.2 Causes of famine of instructors in rural countries95 % of the top directors believed that instructors hesitate to work in rural countries due to hapless on the job conditions and low wages. The top direction suggested that instructors can be motivated to work in rural countries by increasing the wages of bing instructors, supplying good salary bundles to the new instructors and by supplying text editions and basic installations to these schools. Teachers should be recruited on lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing. If the instructors are provided inducements and good wage bundles they will be able to execute their occupations in these countries.2.1.3 Performance of authorities and private colleges98 % of the top directors of PEAS believed that every bit compared to the authorities schools, the public presentation of authorities colleges in urban countries is satisfactory. The authorities colleges have competent and qualified instructors in urban countries. However, the colleges in rural countries lack competent instructors.Figure 2: Opinion of Top Directors of PEAS Regarding Quality of Education and Competent Teachers in Government Colleges in Urban Areas2.1.4 Major ground behind deficiency of instructors90 % of the top direc tors of PEAS informed that deficiency of instructors is besides due to the fact that most people do non fall in the profession of learning as they consider it a low paid and an inferior occupation. Some people merely fall in this profession as a last resort. As a consequence of this, they lack motive to carry through their duties. When they find any good chance, they leave the instruction profession.2.1.5 Carry throughing the spread of quality instruction in freshly converted English Medium schoolsWhen the positions of the top directors were taken sing the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium, all of them agreed that it is a good enterprise from the authorities for taking the differentiation between two categories of instruction. Students analyzing in Urdu Medium schools are frequently considered as inferior to English Medium. Furthermore, when these pupils reach higher categories, they face trouble in understanding scientific discipline topics. The top directors be lieved that the spread of quality instruction in these schools can be fulfilled by supplying instruction and English linguistic communication accomplishments to the instructors through on-the-job preparation. This spread can besides be filled by enrolling competent instructors on lasting footing.2.2 FindingssThe findings of the study are in consistent with that of literature reappraisal, as it has shown that rural schools and colleges of Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. The status of authorities colleges in urban countries is rather satisfactory as these schools have competent instructors. The demand for the supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for a big figure of instructors, the supply of competent instructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it may depends upon the local population growing, instructors ‘ retirements, instructors â₠¬Ëœ turnover rate, instructors ‘ in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have greatly increased.Section – 3: Decision and Recommendations3.1 DecisionThe demand and supply of instructors can be balanced if the Numberss of vacancies of instructors are filled in by the figure of instructors needed to make full these places. The rural schools and colleges of Pakistan are confronting the deficit of the supply of qualified and competent instructors. These educational institutes besides lack basic installations and educational stuff. Teachers hesitate to work in rural countries due to low wage and hapless on the job conditions. There is besides deficit of instructors due to the fact that the profession of instruction is considered as a low paid and inferior occupation. Peoples merely fall in this profession as a last r esort. On the occupation preparation is besides required for the instructors to heighten their instruction accomplishments. With the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium schools, the demand for qualified and competent instructors has risen. There is demand for enlisting of professional and qualified instructors in order to raise the quality of instruction in schools and colleges particularly authorities schools and colleges in rural countries. With the uninterrupted addition in the population and accent of the authorities on instruction, the demand for supply of more instructors will farther increase.3.2 RecommendationsBased upon qualitative and quantitative analysis following recommendations have been suggested: In order to actuate instructors, they should be provided good wage bundles and other inducements. Teachers should be recruited on a lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing in authorities schools and colleges. The position of instructors demands to be raised in the society, as instruction should non be considered as an inferior occupation. Teachers working in rural countries should be provided particular salary bundles and inducements. Teachers need on-the-job preparation in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments. The instructors of the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted into English Medium schools needs to be trained in English linguistic communication accomplishments. There is besides demand for enlisting of competent instructors in these schools.

The Inhibitory Effect Of Heavy Metals, Such As Hg, Cu and Ag essays

The Inhibitory Effect Of Heavy Metals, Such As Hg, Cu and Ag essays The Inhibitory Effect Of Heavy Metals, Such As Hg, Cu and Ag, on the Growth of B. Cereus, E. Coli, M. Luteus and P. putida For over two hundred years, since the beginning of industrialization, man has searched for effective methods of controlling diseases and the growth of bacteria in various different fields (for example, in the eutrophication of lakes). Heavy metals have been a common component used to control the spread of bacteria, some working to a greater extent than others on assorted types of bacteria. However, is there a heavy metal that controls a wide range of bacteria effectively, or must we continually use specific elements on select types of colonies in order to achieve near-sterility? The purpose of this lab report is to, if possible, identify one particular heavy metal that effectively inhibits growth of all the selected bacteria, or identify whether each type of bacteria has a specific heavy metal that has a more powerful effect in controlling growth. This study is important in that if one heavy metal can be found to inhibit the growth of bacteria most effectively, then antiseptic indus tries may choose to use one particular heavy metal over others in sterilizing solutions. Four types of bacteria will be focused on in this study: B. cereus, E. coli, M. luteus and P. putida. Each will have the effects of three heavy metals, which are in solution form, tested on them. The heavy metal solutions to be used will be mercuric iodide (HgI2), silver nitrate (AgNO3), and copper sulfate (CuSO4). Their effectiveness will be judged on the size of the zones of inhibition that form around the filter paper soaked in the solutions. I predict that overall the mercury compound will have the most detrimental effect (and therefore larger zones of inhibition) on the four selected bacteria types, since it is known that, in general, it has very harmful effects on other living organisms. A similar study conducted by Schmidt and Schlegel on ...

Contemporary Political Action †Political Science Research Paper

Contemporary Political Action – Political Science Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Contemporary Political Action Political Science Research Paper This project presents the research proposal â€Å"Mediactivism and the carnivalization of protest in contemporary political action†. By this, I intend to draw a panorama of recent political activism in various parts of the world, highlighting some vertentes of this activist wave in which we can see the choice for dramatized, spectacular, carnivalized or â€Å"fun† political manifestations. Drawing from this panorama, we can start an analysis of the groups who practice this particular form of protest and what leads them to do that. Hypothetically, media comes as an important factor for these new types of protest manifestations. Contemporary activism seems to be strongly media-directed: groups prepare media manuals (inserir nota sobre media manuals que eu conheà §o), organize to record, edit and divulge manifestations videos, e assumem configuraà §Ãƒ µes which subvert marketing, propaganda and public relations techniques for their cause. As it is put by Luca Casarini, spokesman for the Italian group Tute Bianche, We know what we need to make people talk about us () We use the winning languages, the ones that reach people. Hollywood doesn’t win by chance. This is the communications society. We can’t ignore the codes. (PEDEMONTE, 2001: 12-13) (nota de rodapà ©: adapted from the portuguese version) Proceeding on the hypothesis, pranksterism comes as part of this media-centered activist culture. The laugh, the subversion, the debauchery, the prank – they all come, hypothetically, as adaptations of one of the fundamental logics of media: diversion. To draw the attention of viewers, media must constantly afastar-se do cotidiano, do corriqueiro, from the usual business of everyday life. This is not to say that the point of media is to entertain, but to create new, and more dramatized, ambiences to represent the world. The political prank is fundamentally a rupture with all convictions about political action. It goes against seriousness, it goes against violence (not only physical violence, but the violence contained as well in speeches, in acts of discourse), it goes against the preconceived notions about the â€Å"revolucionrio† who hides his face, carries guns and confronts the police with molotovs or rocks. Media may have a part in this too: as well as it serves as a watchdog of state repression, it would go against the violence in activist manifestations. (falar sobre atenà §o que o novo ativismo recebe) John Downing (2002), Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri (2001), John Holloway (2003), Harry Cleaver (1997, 1998), Slavoj Zizek (2003), Antonio Albino Canelas Rubim (1997, 2001, 2001b), Maria da Glà ³ria Gohn (2002, 2003) e Nicolau Sevcenko (2001, 2002), Naomi Klein Sem Logo (1999) e Cercas e Janelas (2003) George Monbiot (2004), Paul Kingsnorth (2003) e Josà © Chrispiniano (2002), Christophe Aguiton (2002), Kalle Lasn (2000), Josà © Bovà © (2001) Campanhas publicitrias Jogos (State of Emergency) Mà ºsica (Rage Against the Machine, System of a Down, Atari Teenage Riot) Ficà §o (Cosmà ³polis, The Dreamers) Documentrios (Michael Moore, The Corporation, The Take, The Weather Underground, The Fog of War) This making of a new world is a serious business. If we can’t laugh, the world we make will be square, and we won’t be able to turn it. (Subcomandante Marcos, quoted by KINGSNORTH: 2003: 28) como um radicalismo revigorado , â€Å"o maior movimento global da histà ³ria† (MONBIOT, 2004: 20), â€Å"novas, efetivas e urgentes condià §Ãƒ µes de luta pela democracia† (SEVCENKO, 2002: 12) e â€Å"a emergà ªncia de uma rebelio global sem precedentes† (NOTES FROM NOWHERE, 2003: 14). It’s not a revolution in the sense that the twentieth century has taught us to understand the word: not a massing of red flags this time, not a determination to seize the state, not a gathering of Peoples’ Parties with blueprints for a new Utopia. (KINGSNORTH, 2004: online) I know so many different techniques that make it look like the whole ad was reprinted with its new message, as opposed to somebody coming at it with a spray-paint can. (†¦) The technology allows us to use Madison Avenue aesthetics agains itself. That is the most important aspect of this new wave of people using the guerilla tactic, because that’s what the MTV generation has become accostumed to – everything’s flashy, everything’s bright and clean. If you spend time to make it cleaner it will not be dismissed.† (KLEIN, 1999: 285-286) It’s mostly nuts and bolts of media for activists: how to write a good press release; how to flack your story; how to identify and develop friendly media ties. But the most important thing we teach is how to distill very complex campaign themes into very simple messages, that can pass through the filter of corporate-controlled media and still make it out the other side into the homes of the American or global public, in a form that you would still consider effective – and can begin to create the political will we need to turn these things around. (SELLERS, 2001: 75) (Journalists love fun stories, just like everyone else. The more fun the story, the more likely it is to get covered.) (RTMARK poster) (colocar naquela apresentaà §o inicial menà §Ãƒ µes ao bloco medieval e ao trabalho com o cachimbo do cara da Dinamarca) This outline is only a pre-presentation of my research problem. It was prepaired only as a solicitation for making appointments with members of the research staff. I have no intention of applying to the course for this year, and possibly not for 2006 as well, as I am still finishing my MA in Communications Science. When I have real intention of applying to the course, I will surely prepare a much better and aprofundada research proposal. BIBLIOGRAPHY AGUITON, Christophe. O Mundo nos Pertence. So Paulo: Viramundo, 2002. European edition: Le monde nous appartient : Porto Alegre, Florence, Evian : les acteurs dune autre mondialisation. 1018, 2003. ANTOUN, Henrique. â€Å"Jornalismo e Ativismo na Hipermà ­dia†, in Revista da FAMECOS no. 16, pp. 135-147. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, december 2001 (a). ANTOUN, Henrique. â€Å"A Multido e o Futuro da Democracia na Cibercultura†, in FRANÇA, Vera, WEBER, Maria Helena, PAIVA, Raquel e SOVIK, Liv (orgs.). Livro do XI COMPÓS. Porto Alegre: Sulina, 2001 (b). ANTOUN, Henrique. â€Å"O Poder da Comunicaà §o e o Jogo das Parcerias na Cibercultura†. Paper presented at the XII Compà ³s, GT Tecnologias Informacionais de Comunicaà §o e Sociedade, june 2004. ARQUILLA, John e RONFELDT, David. The Advent of Netwar. RAND: 1996. Available at rand.org/publications/MR/MR789/ (access at 20/7/2004). ARQUILLA, John e RONFELDT, David. In Athenas Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age. RAND: 1997. Available at rand.org/publications/MR/MR880/ (access at 20/7/2004). ARQUILLA, John, RONFELDT, David, FULLER, Graham e FULLER, Melissa. The Zapatista â€Å"Social Netwar† in Mexico. RAND: 1998. Available at rand.org/publications/MR/MR994/ (access at 20/7/2004). ARQUILLA, John e RONFELDT, David. The Emergence of Noopolitik. RAND: 1999. Available at rand.org/publications/MR/MR1033/ (access at 20/7/2004). ARQUILLA, John e RONFELDT, David. Swarming and the Future of Conflict. RAND: 2000. Available at rand.org/publications/DB/DB311/ (access at 20/7/2004). ARQUILLA, John e RONFELDT, David. Networks and Netwars: the future of terror, crime and militancy. RAND: 2001. Available at rand.org/publications/MR/MR1382/ (access at 20/7/2004). ARQUILLA, John e RONFELDT, David. â€Å"Networks, Netwars and the Fight for the Future†, 2001 (b). Available at firstmonday.dk/issues/issue6_10/ronfeldt/ (access at 14 de maio de 2004) ASSIS, Érico Gonà §alves de. Adbusters e o Movimento de Contestaà §o do Consumismo, in Ecos Revista v.6, n.2, p.117 138. Pelotas: EDUCAT, 2002. ASSIS, Érico Gonà §alves de. â€Å"O Novo Protesto: Tticas de Manifestaà §o Midiatizadas em Movimentos Sociais†. Paper presented at the IV Encontro de Nà ºcleo de Pesquisas da Intercom / Nà ºcleo de Comunicaà §o para Cidadania (2004). 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So Paulo: Record, 2003. UK edition: Fences and Windows: dispatches from the frontlines of the globalization debate. Flamingo, 2002. LASN, Kalle. Culture Jam: how to reverse America ´s Suicidal Consumer Binge and why we must. New York: HarperCollins, 2000. MAFFESOLI, Michel. A Transfiguraà §o do Polà ­tico: A Tribalizaà §o do Mundo. Porto Alegre: Sulina, 1997. European edition: La transfiguration du politique: la tribalisation du monde moderne. La Table Ronde, 2002. MATTELART, Armand. Histà ³ria da Utopia Planetria. Porto Alegre: Sulina, 2002. European edition: L’histoire de l’utopie planetaire.. La Dà ©couverte, 2002. MATTELART, Armand. Histà ³ria da Sociedade da Informaà §o. So Paulo: Loyola, 2002 (b). UK edition: The Information Society: an introduction. Sage: 2003. McCARTHY, Helen, MILLER, Paul e SKIDMORE, Paul. Network Logic: who governs in an interconnected world? London: Demos, 2004. MONBIOT, George. A Era do Consenso. So Paulo: Record, 2004. UK edition: The Age of Consent. Flamingo: 2003. NOTES FROM NOWHERE (eds.). We are everywhere: the irresistible rise of global anticapitalism. London: Verso, 2003. ORTELLADO, Pablo e RYOKI, Andrà ©. Estamos Vencendo! Resistà ªncia global no Brasil. So Paulo: Conrad, 2004. RHEINGOLD, Howard. Smart Mobs: the Next Social Revolution. Final manuscript draft: april, 2002. RODRIGUES, Adriano Duarte. Estratà ©gias da Comunicaà §o. Lisboa: Presenà §a Editorial, 1997. SELLERS, John. â€Å"Raising a Ruckus†, in New Left Review no. 10, pp. 71-85. London: New Left Review, julho-agosto de 2001. SEVCENKO, Nicolau. A Corrida para o Sà ©culo XXI. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2001. SEVCENKO, Nicolau. â€Å"A primavera que no quer acabar†, in CHRISPINIANO, Josà ©. A Guerrilha Surreal. So Paulo: Conrad, 2002. STARHAWK. â€Å"Como bloqueamos a OMC†, in Lugar Comum no. 11, pp. 9-14. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da UFRJ, 2000. THOREAU, Henry David. A Desobedià ªncia Civil. Porto Alegre: LPM, 2002. UK edition: Civil Disobedience. Dover: 1993. VANEIGEM, Raoul. A Arte de Viver para as Novas Geraà §Ãƒ µes. So Paulo: Conrad, 2002. UK edition: The Revolution of Everyday Life. Rebel Press: 1983. THE YES MEN. The Yes Men: the true story of the end of the world trade organization. New York: Disinformation, 2004. Research Papers on Contemporary Political Action - Political Science Research PaperRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenQuebec and CanadaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionCapital PunishmentInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Scenario Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scenario Analysis - Research Paper Example Owing to their reduced vision and hearing troubles, most aged students should be seated in the front rows and youngsters should be made to sit in the rear of the class. Sociological models explain the process of development in adults from a social and cultural perspective. People’s tendency to learn is influenced by their cultural traits and social interactions. Some people are inspired by their ideals. In an attempt to follow them, they tend to seek education. Sociological models cover such factors as class, gender, race, and sexual interests of the adults and study their impact on their development tendency (Imel, 2001). Psychological theoretical model explains the sequence of development and the effect of life experiences and phases on an individual’s tendency to learn. Generally, young people are much more enthusiastic about learning and developing their career as compared to old people. They have a whole life in front of them and they are keen to learn as much as t hey can in order to do their best in their professions. On the other hand, old people tend to be more selective in their learning areas. A vast majority of old people would rather choose to learn about religion than economics. One’s choice and preferences alter with age and they have a direct impact on one’s tendency to learn.

Financial statement analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial statement analysis - Assignment Example The company aims at creating a great guest love hotel with over 6,76000 hundred rooms in approximate 4600 hotels in one hundreds countries (Intercontinental Hotel Group, 2013). Additionally, the directors report indicates that Intercontinental Hotel and Group provide employment to more than345, 000 people globally for instance, in 2011 the company provided employment opportunities to more than people 7,956 (Intercontinental Hotel Group, 2013). In above connection, the company owns nine brands of distinguished hotels in different countries. Additionally, Intercontinental Hotel and Resort consist of leisure and business hotels operating in more than sixty cities (Intercontinental Hotel Group, 2013). Connectively, the company operates in three basic ways namely; franchising, manager and owned/lease (Intercontinental Hotel Group, 2013). The company further operates an approximate of 3,934 hotels under franchise and 658 hotels under management mode of business operation (Intercontinental Hotel Group, 2013). Additionally, the company has placed a lot of emphasis on franchising mode of business operation (Intercontinental Hotel Group, 2013). ... orne hotel operate as a public limited company and reported a net operating income of one hundred and ninety nine million dollars as at 2011(Millennium Hotel and Resort, 2013). The comprehensive income statement indicates that the company had a net income of one hundred and sixty five million dollars by the end of 2011(Millennium Hotel and Resort, 2013).Connectively, the company operates via an inter-link of various portfolios as well as ensuring there is efficient cost control (Millennium Hotel and Resort, 2013). Connectively, the company operations are highly decentralized making it easier to respond to market demand. The company operates the following brands: Grand Millennium hotel, Capthorne and Kingsgate to name just but a few of the brands (Millennium Hotel and Resort, 2013). 2. Analyze the Operating profit margin (Intercontinental Hotels Group PLC is the main object of analysis, Millennium & Copthorne Hotels PLC is its rival firms, please contrast the two companies). Operating profit margin indicates the amount of revenues/income a company makes after paying its variable overheads (Warren, Reeve, Duchac & Warren, 2012). It is important to not that some items are excluded when computing operating profit margin among the items excluded are; good will amortization, interest to mention just but a few (Vasigh, Fleming & Mackay, 2010). Therefore, operating profit margin may be computed using the formula below; Operating profit margin= Income after tax ? Sales Based on comprehensive income statement for Intercontinental Hotel Group year ended 31st December 2011, 2010, 2009 and 2008 the operating profit margins were 0.29355, 0.2156, 0.171 and 0.19364 respectively (Intercontinental Hotel Group, 2013). This indicates that in 2011 operating profit margin was higher as