Clinical case scenario assignment

Clinical case scenario assignmentThe impact of vocal conditions on an individuals quality of life can be profound, more so when they are increased risk tolerant roles oft(prenominal) as the elderly or those with dash off syndrome. These individuals experience the same alveolar problems as the general population however, measly oral health whitethorn add an additional burden, whereas nigh(a) oral health has benefits in that it can improve general health, aff adapted acceptability, self-esteem and quality of life (Fiske, Griffiths, Jamieson, Manger, 2000).When formulating an oral health apportion intent for risqueer risk long-sufferings, it is valuable to have a general familiarity of how to treat such cases. This judgment entrust explore both clinical case scenarios and the process through which each discussion plan is developed. Furthermore, the sizeableness of providing a forbearing role with quality care, rather than merely sermon, will be explored.CASE 1 Appointment 1Complete Initial sagaciousnessTake medical memoirAccording to Duggal, Hosy, and Welbury (2005, p.42), taking a comprehensive case history is an all-important(a) prelude to clinical examination, diagnosing, and treatment grooming, and as well as plays a role in establishing a relationship with the patient.In this case the patient is a thirteen year old distaff with Down syndrome, a genetic dis tell that ranges in severity with odd characters that can influence dental consonant care (Pilcher, 1998). It is associated with physical and medical conditions such as cardiac defects, compromised immune system, and speed respiratory infections (MacDonald Avery, 2000).Dental thoughtfulnessThe history reveals that the patient received surgery for a cardiac freakishness at birth, and does not require antibiotic cover for dental treatment. The discipline Heart Foundation of New Zealand (2009) state that antibacterial cover is tending(p) as a prophylactic measure to pr event endocarditis a severe and potentially fatal infection that affects the endocardium when bacteria is transported through the blood shoot from the mouth beca mapping of dental cut back. Although prophylaxis is not necessity, consultation with the patients physician is crucial to go out any underlying medical conditions that concern her dental treatment.According to Pilcher (1998) the kick of odontiasis in persons with Down syndrome is usually delayed, may occur in an unusual order and there is an extremely uplifted rate of lacking teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Therefore, it is valuable to confine the primary dentition for as long as possible. Additionally, The National build of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) (2010) state that patients with Down syndrome can experience fast destructive periodontic illness thought to be a contri bequeathde of their tear downed host immune response. Other cogitate factors include affected tooth mo rphology with an increased likelihood of smaller or conical nucleotides, bruxism, malocclusion, and poor oral hygienics (Boyd, Quick, Murray, 2004). Therefore, good homecare is vital to man advance periodontal disorder and carious lesions. The mental capability of people with Down syndrome can interchange widely (NIDCR, 2010), which is why as a health professional it is important to perceive how much information the patient is able to comprehend. Education should be seducen to the family and caregiver to ensure optimal homecare is provided.Plaque index taking a organization score is a quick and useful manner for a dental provider to assess oral hygienics by estimating the tooth come forward covered with debris and/or coalescence (Wilkins, 2009). The patient has memorial tablet deposits along the gingival margins of many tooth surfaces and calculus deposits on the lingual surfaces of the write down anterior teeth indicating poor oral hygiene. periodontal probingIt is ex posit that the patient has red and inflamed gingival tissues with the defeat area associated with the upper anterior teeth. This is likely to be a ending of mouth lively which is common in patients with Down syndrome collectible to a small gaunt airway and incompetent lips (Pilcher, 1998). Periodontal charting will determine whether the condition is gingivitis which is two-sided or periodontitis. If there are periodontal pocket depths greater than 3mm, fig out divergence and root surface involvement, a more extensive treatment will be required (Wilkins, 2009). Record examination and dental charting speeding permanent lateral incisors appear to be absent Upper broad-leaved canines show no mobility permanent canines not visible Mesial fringy ridge of 75 broken down as a result of dental dental bodily cavity and is symptomless Fistula buccal to 74 eternal incisors and first submarine sandwichs show signs of mild to moderate hypoplasiaRadiographsBitewing skiagrams should be taken to layover for bone levels, calculus, overhangs of overhauls, and carious lesions in the posterior teeth. An orthopantomogram (OPG) will determine the heading and position of permanent teeth and assess growth and development as well as early(a) pathology (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Additionally, a periapical shadowgraph will be necessary for pre-operative assessment of tooth 74 and 75 to determine the origin of the venous sinus.diagnosing Abscessed tooth (74 or 75 depending on radiographs) 75 has dental caries with pulpal involvement Periodontal illness (depending on pocket depth)Differential diagnosis Severe organisation-induced gingivitis or Chronic periodontitis Mild to moderate molar incisor hypomineralisation hypoplasiaOral health education and instruction The patient has poor governance control and therefore should be taught brushing and flossing techniques using the tell/show/do method so the dental provider can encounter how well the patient and parent or caregiver understand what is being instructed. She should be apprised to brush at least twice a day and floss daily, as well as brush the spit and gingiva.The use of an electric soup-strainer and floss holders should be recommended as those with Down syndrome often have limited manual dexterity (Sacks Buckley, 2003). Additionally, a high concentration of fluoride such as Neutrofluor 5000 Plus toothpaste is recommended for daily use by patients with high risk of dental caries which Wilkins states will erect remineralisation and facilitate strengthen the teeth (2009). Dietary adviceDiet should be discussed with a instruction on finding if the patient has a lot of sugar in her fodder and educating her on the effects of cariogenic foods, perhaps using Stephans curve to excuse depending on her level of understanding. The patient should be encouraged to eat cease, unsweetened yogurt, milk and other dairy products as they contain calcium, phosphorous and magnesium which champion s protect dental health (The Dairy Council Digest, 2000). Moreover, sugary and acidic drinks should be minimised as they can do decorate erosion. It is vital the parent or caregiver receive this information as they may have a significant influence over her diet and pamphlets taken home to see as a reference or reminder.Formulate a treatment planCameron and Widmer (2003, p. 6) state that treatment should be performed in the following order (1) Emergency care and relief of pain, (2) preventive care, (3) surgical treatment, (4) restorative treatment, (5) orthodontic treatment, (6) extensive restorative or further surgical management, and (7) recall and review. at one time this has been entire it should be discussed with both the patient and her parents or caregiver and sure take over must be given. Appointment 2 The amalgam restoration in the 74 is described as appearing sound but there is a venous sinus present buccal to the tooth. A fistula is a channel allowing excess exudate to drain from an abscess (Ibsen Phelan, 2004). Although this can be painless, it is considered an emergency and should be dealt with before any dental treatment. It is likely that the fistula is related to the 75 which is broken down due to dental caries. When the peripheral ridge of a primary molar is broken down due to dental caries, the pulp is consistently exposed (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Although the 75 is described as symptomless, this may be because the drained exudate is relieving pressure from inside the tooth meaning it is less likely to be painful. If the PA radiograph confirms that the carious lesion on tooth 75 has pulpal involvement, it will be treated with either pulpectomy or extraction.Pulpectomy If tooth 35 is not present, the 75 should be preserved and a referral to a tooth doctor to perform root canal therapy will be given. It is hash out that a stainless trade name crown be placed as concord to Cameron and Widmer (2003) this is the strongest possible fin al restoration following pulpectomy and will be necessary to preserve the 75 for as long as possible.Extraction If 35 is present, the 75 should be extracted. However if 35 is not ready to erupt, a space fighter is recommended to preserve the gap after extraction of 75 to prevent the adjacent teeth drifting into its space. This will enable the 35 to erupt in the proper position and prevent malocclusion in the approaching and will require a referral to an orthodontist. The amalgam restoration on tooth 74 appears sound and depending on radiograph results, if there is no abscess on tooth 74 and 34 is present, no treatment is needed on this tooth. If there is abscess on 74, the same treatment for abscessed 75 is indicated. Appointment 3 reassess oral hygiene Reinforce good behaviour and make necessary recommendations for continual improvement.Scale and polish The aim of this is to remove as much bacteria from the oral cavity as possible and have a healthy mouth to perform restorative w ork in. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001), when mean treatment, it is sensible to put the least invasive treatments first when possible so that the patient can familiarise themselves with the dental setting and feel comfortable. (Pilcher, 1998) states that having a patient with Down syndrome that is relaxed and at ease can cares with cooperation in the head and useful for future fights. Hypoplasia The permanent incisors and first molars are described as having mild to moderate hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia is a deficiency in measure of enamel that results in a defect of contour in the surface (Cameron Widmer, 2003). This defect can cause tooth sensitivity, may be unsightly and more susceptible to dental caries. A compromised immune system is a characteristic of most individuals with Down syndrome which contributes to a higher rate of infections (Pilcher, 1998) and it is possible that the hypoplasia is related to the patients condition. Because of the teeth involved, this is likely to be Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) which is defined as a hypomineralisation of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars oftenmultiplication associated with affected incisors (Weerheijm, 2003). It is important that MIH be treated as soon as identified to minimise the heightened risk of dental caries and prevent the patient from experiencing tooth sensitivity. Treatment options depend on the severity of the hypoplasia and the symptoms associated with it (University of Iowa, n.d.). It should be noted that the worst area of inflamed gingival tissue is associated with the upper anterior teeth which could be a result of the patient avoiding these as they are irritable or painful to brush. It may be useful to ask the patient about this so that education can be given on the enormousness of brushing all areas and the problem can be addressed.In this case scenario, the most efficacious treatment would be the application of a fluoride varnish to the hypopla stic areas followed by rosin-based sealants. Alternatively, if ideal moisture control cannot be achieved, nut case ionomer sealant can be used. According to Subramaniam, Konde, and Mandanna (2008), the retention of resin sealant is seen to be superior of that of the glass ionomer which should be treated as evanescent only. Cameron and Widmer (2003) explain that localised defects may be restored with composite resin and play off defects may require stain remotion with either rotary instruments or some sort of bleaching system. Furthermore, if there is sensitivity, the use of tooth mousse products should be well-advised to hang with remineralisation and desensitisation of the teeth (Walsh, 2007).Appointment 4Remove IRM Although the fleeting restoration on tooth 65 is sound, it should be replaced with a permanent alter as Mount and Hume state that zinc oxide eugenol hydrolyses in time and should not be used for over six months (1998). Additionally, composite should not be used because the release of eugenol will inhibit the polymerisation of the composite resin (Mount Hume, 1998). Therefore, an amalgam restoration should be placed on tooth 65 if the radiograph shows tooth 25 is present. If the permanent successor is not present, the temporary restoration should be replaced with a permanent restoration like a stainless steel crown and may require pulpotomy depending on how far the carious lesion has progressed in the tooth. RecallA one-third month recall should be logical as the patient is high risk for caries and periodontal disease. It is essential that optimal oral hygiene is maintained and well monitored by the dental practitioner.CASE 2The human ask of each older bragging(a) must be assessed individually and not based on gestate stereotypes as the healthcare involve of elderly persons can vary from health to severe illness (Darby Walsh, 2010). According to Fiske et al. (2000) there is a general trim for a reduction in edentulism and an increa se in the retention of earthy teeth. This attitude leads to more people wanting to understand how to best maintain good oral hygiene and it is the role of the dental provider to assist these individuals with appropriate educational instructions. In this clinical case scenario the patient is an 81 year old man who comes to the clinic for dental hygiene care. Appointment 1Complete Initial AssessmentTake medical historyThe patient shows early signs of Parkinsons disease a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of neurons that produce dopamine (Little, Falace, Miller, Rhodus, 2008). Loss of these neurons results in characteristic motor disturbances including a resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. It is common for those with Parkinsons disease to also experience xerostomia as a result of polypharmacy and is significant as this increases the risk of periodontal disease and coronal and root surface caries (Wilkins, 2009).It is described that the pati ent has mild congestive substance failure which The American Heart Association (2011) state is the softness of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can be a result of myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. As the heart failure is mild, he will not require antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment however it is wise to confirm this with his physician. The patient is taking nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue to relieve chest pain several times a week. It is taken sublingually for immediate relief of chest pain by reducing the oxygen need of the heart and may cause dizziness, light-headedness and fainting and may cause xerostomia (Medline Plus, 2011). The patient has stiffness in the fingers of his dominant pay turn due to arthritis an inflammatory or degenerative process which involves the joints (Arthritis Foundation, 2011). Patients with arthritis may experience pain, swelling, limitation of motion and deformity of the joints and may find it catchy to keep an open mouth for long dental procedures. Oral hygiene assessmentThe patient has poor oral hygiene. It is likely that due to his arthritis which affects the fingers in his right hand, he is not adequately brushing quadrants 2 and 3. It should be noted that there are signs of abrasion lesions on the buccal surfaces of quadrants 1 and 4. Abrasion is the mechanical wearing away of tooth substance by forces other than mastication (Wilkins, 2009, p.272) and this is likely to be a result of the patient cleverly brushing horizontally. Furthermore, he has heavy governing body deposits on the lower lingual and all interproximal which indicate interproximal plaque removal methods must be instructed.Periodontal probingAll periodontal pockets measure 1-3 mm except for 26 mesial with a probing depth of 4mm indicating generally good periodontal health.Record exam and dental charting 27 moderately filled teeth present with tooth 25 lost due to a fractured root gingival recession is present with 1-2 mm areas of root surfaces exposed on most teeth. A couple of theses surfaces present with light brown marks that are soft to touch Tooth 26 shows sign of periodontal bone loss palatally as well as tipping and drifting forward into the space left wing by 25 Heavy plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 2 and quadrant 3 as well as lower lingual and all interproximal surfaces Very light plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 1 and quadrant 4 Some surfaces with light plaque show signs of abrasionRadiographsTo complete the initial assessment, bitewing radiographs and an OPG should be taken. This can give the dental provider information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, interproximal and secondary caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology (Tugnail, Clerehugh, Hirschmann, 1999). A periapical radiograph of tooth 26 is taken to examine bone loss and to check for subgingival calculus and root surface caries.Risk assessment The patient is at high risk of developing dental caries and moderate risk for periodontal disease due to his medical history. His lack of manual dexterity associated with Parkinsons disease and arthritis, makes adequate plaque removal difficult to achieve. Moreover, due to medications, he is more likely to have xerostomia which will increase his risk of periodontal disease and dental caries, especially root surface caries (Wilkins, 1999). diagnosis Moderate plaque-induced gingivitis Localised moderate chronic periodontitis on tooth 26 due to tilting Generalised gingival recession Toothbrush abrasion Areas of root surface caries Oral health education and oral hygiene instructionPerhaps the most important treatment a dental provider can give is that of oral health education, information, promotion and counselling. This enables the patient to maintain good oral hygiene t hemselves and prevent further disease processes. In this clinical case scenario it is vital to advise the patient on homecare which will address his risks of dental caries and periodontal disease.According to Darby Walsh (2010) caries control and prevention activities must address three interrelated factors (1) removal of bacterial plaque and biofilm, (2) reduction of smashing carbohydrates and snacking in the diet, and (3) use of local fluoride. The patients oral hygiene activities are compromised due to the arthritis in his right hand and in the future will be further affected by his developing Parkinsons disease. His poor oral hygiene should be addressed first by recommending the use of adaptive devices. Using a powered toothbrush and modifications of handle size, width, and grip, will provide assistance for the patient with thorough plaque removal. It should also be suggested that the patient use floss holders to ensure the effective removal of interproximal plaque or altern atively, interproximal brushes can be recommended if the patient is able to use them effectively.Poor dietary practices involving the over consumption of soft, retentive refined carbohydrates and frequent snacking patterns are common among older adults (Darby Walsh, 2010). The dental provider has an duty to educate the patient on optimum food choices and nutritional patterns to promote oral health. It could also be beneficial to speak with any caregivers regarding the patients diet and make suggestions to prevent further carious lesions. Replacing sweet snacks with cheese and crackers or substituting sugar-free hard candy for mints are examples of two detail dietary interventions that may be more easily and realistically implemented for older adults. Furthermore, the frequent use of topical fluoride products for home use should be encouraged. A high fluoride toothpaste (5,000 ppm) will help to strengthen enamel and aid in the prevention of dental caries and will cause little chang e in the routine of the patient.For management of xerostomia, the patient is advised to take frequent sips of water and avoid the consumption of alcoholic drinks which will further dry out the oral mucosa. Sugar-free cud gums will help stimulate the saliva but if the patient experiences difficulty in chewing because of arthritis, this may not be advisable. Additionally, tooth mousse should be recommended to provide lubrication and assist in preventing root surface caries (Walsh, 2007).If the patient is unable to provide adequate home care, alternative solutions should be provided, such as the gate of the Collis curve toothbrush, assisted brushing, or chlorhexidine rinses (Little et al., 2008) These aids facilitate self-care and hence self-determination for the patient. The patient may suffer from mild dementia and due to his age may have difficulty remembering everything discussed at the initial appointment therefore all instruction should be written down and passed to him or a c aregiver.Formulate a treatment planAppointments should be unbroken short and scheduled in the morning or early afternoon when patient is less tired or whenever suits his needs best. Once a care plan has been completed it should be discussed with the patient and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2 Re-assess oral hygiene quadrant scaling is recommended in case a expert debridement cannot be completed in one appointment Reinforce good oral hygieneAppointment 3 Re-assess oral hygiene Complete scaling and full mouth polish Reinforce good oral hygieneA referral letter to the patients dentist is to be written and given to him regarding the restorative work required on the root caries present in his mouth. The importance of treatment should be explained to the patient and if necessary his caregivers should also be advised of the work required. As a preventive method, fluoride varnish should be utilize to the other receded areas to help remineralise the enamel and reduce any s ensitivity the patient may be experiencing (Wilkins, 2009).RecallUpon completion of treatment for this patient, a three month recall should be arranged as his medical history indicates he may require regular maintenance in the future. This is also a good chance to evaluate the outcome and effectiveness of the anterior treatment.According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001) an oral health care plan is about rapprochement the ideal with the practical, and emphasis should be placed on the patient and their needs which ought to drive the treatment planning process. There has been a shift in treatment given by dental providers, where the focus is now on not only restoring the problem in the clinic, but educating the patient on how they can best achieve optimal oral health themselves. This assessment has investigated two different clinical case scenarios and discussed oral health care plans for each. In addition, it has examined the importance of treating each patient as an individual with spe cific needs and the significance of providing them with methods or self-care.